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Police and Investigative Activity
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Legal Guarantees for Police Officers when Citizens Take Photos and Videos of their Official Activities / Правовые гарантии сотрудников полиции при осуществлении гражданами фото-видео фиксации их служебной деятельности

Хилюк Софья Олеговна

кандидат педагогических наук

старший преподаватель, кафедры философии, психологии и гуманитарных дисциплин, Уральского юридического института МВД России

623702, Россия, Свердловская область, г. Березовский, ул. Строителей, 9, оф. 1

Khilyuk Sof'ya Olegovna

PhD in Pedagogy

Senior Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Psychology and Humanities, Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

623702, Russia, Sverdlovsk region, Berezovsky, Stroitelei st., 9, office 1

S_Khilyuk@mail.ru
Другие публикации этого автора
 

 
Абросимова Полина Андреевна

главный специалист направления информации и общественных связей, Уральский юридический институт МВД России

620057, Россия, Свердловская область, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Корепина, 66, оф. 1

Abrosimova Polina Andreevna

Chief Specialist in Information and Public Relations, Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

66 Korepina str., office 1, Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg, 620057, Russia

polina.abrosimova.180@mail.ru
Другие публикации этого автора
 

 

DOI:

10.7256/2454-0692.2023.6.39514

EDN:

RJOGZE

Дата направления статьи в редакцию:

03-03-2023


Дата публикации:

24-02-2024


Аннотация: Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что в современной практике сотрудники органов внутренних дел проявляют неумение общаться с представителями СМИ, а также незнание того, как нужно реагировать на фото- и видео съемку, которую ведут граждане при исполнении полицейским своих служебных обязанностей. Это является одной из причин снижения имиджа полиции. Объект исследования – взаимодействие сотрудников органов внутренних дел со средствами массовой информации. Предмет исследования – правовые основы взаимодействия сотрудников органов внутренних дел со СМИ, требования и порядок подготовки к такому взаимодействию. Цель исследования – выявить законные основания применения фото-видео устройств в деятельности сотрудников полиции, а также порядок подготовки полицейских к взаимодействию со СМИ. В исследовании применены теоретические методы исследования (междисциплинарный анализ литературы и нормативных – правовых документов, систематизация, сопоставление, обобщение. В данной статье авторами рассмотрены нормативно-правовые документы, разъясняющие права на осуществления фото- и видео фиксации в рамках профессиональной деятельности сотрудников полиции. Практическая значимость данного исследования заключается: в правовом обосновании законности применения средств фото-видео фиксации в деятельности сотрудников полиции сделанном авторами на основании проанализированных нормативно-правовых актов; обобщенных на основании изученных Федеральных законов и ведомственных приказов коммуникативных требованиях к общению полицейских со СМИ, а также представленном авторами опыте по формированию готовности будущих полицейских к взаимодействию со СМИ на этапе обучения в образовательных организациях системы МВД России. Так по мнению авторов для успешной подготовки будущих полицейских к взаимодействию со СМИ необходимо создание специальных педагогических условий, к которым относятся: проведение коммуникативных тренингов, создание курсантского пресс-центра, изучение специальной учебной дисциплины, а также постоянная вовлеченность обучающихся во взаимодействие со СМИ.


Ключевые слова:

научно-технический прогресс, компетентность, коммуникации, пресс-центр, подготовка, средства массовой информации, сотрудник полиции, фото фиксация, видео фиксация, граждане

Abstract: This study's objective is the interaction of employees of internal affairs bodies with mass media. The subject of the study is the legal basis for the interaction of internal affairs officers with the media, the requirements, and the procedure for preparing for such interaction. The purpose of the study is to identify the legitimate grounds for the use of photo and video devices to capture the activities of police officers, as well as the procedure for training police officers to interact with the media. The study uses theoretical research methods (interdisciplinary analysis of literature and normative legal documents, systematization, comparison, and generalization). In this article, the authors reviewed the regulatory documents explaining the rights to capture photos and videos of police officers’ professional activities. The practical significance of this study lies in the legal justification of the legality of the use of photo and video tools in the activities of police officers made by the authors based on the analyzed normative legal acts, studied federal laws and departmental orders communicative requirements for police communication with the media, as well as the experience presented by the authors on the formation of the readiness of future police officers to interact with the mass media at the stage of training in Russia’s Ministry of Internal Affairs’ educational organizations. So, according to the authors, for the successful preparation of future police officers for interaction with the media, it is necessary to create special pedagogical conditions, including conducting communication training, creating a cadet press center, studying a special academic discipline, as well as the constant involvement of students in interaction with the media.


Keywords:

citizens, video filming, taking photos, science and technologies progress, competence, communications, press center, training, police officer, mass media

Previously published in Russian in the journal Police Activity https://nbpublish.com/pdmag/

Modern scientific and technical advancements have affected not only the improvement of social networks, which greatly simplify the life of a modern person but also new technologies that allow us to share photos and videos, as well as devices for their active use. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, mobile phones only allowed telephone communication. However, today, their functionality allows you to quickly and efficiently carry out photo and video sharing.

The technical capabilities of mobile phones allow citizens to shoot high-quality stories for entertainment and record their own or other people's actions to further provide them as an evidence base. However, citizens often use the footage not only to protect themselves but also for public discussion and condemnation. On the one hand, modern technologies simplify people's lives, including facilitating the performance of professional tasks; on the other hand, they sometimes violate the private rights of citizens and the video materials with which they are made public.

The positive side of technical photo-video progress is also noted in the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies. For example, the logistical support of local police officers' activities includes an official mobile phone equipped with a camera for photo and video documentation, and the equipment used in highway patrol inspectors’ cars includes video cameras from the car interior. However, it must be borne in mind that technical means can be employed by unscrupulous citizens against the identity of employees of internal affairs bodies. To resolve the ambiguity in the field of legality and the procedure for using technical means for photo and video shooting, we will consider the legal grounds for its conduct.

To resolve controversial issues about the admissibility of photo and video footage of police officers and their official activities, several legal documents have been developed to help clarify various situations between police officers and citizens capturing the footage.

In accordance with Part 4 of Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian citizens have the right to freely receive and disseminate information in a legal manner—which, on the one hand, allows filming police officers’ official activities of [4]. In the same normative legal act, in accordance with part 1 of Article 23, a citizen's right to inviolability of private life, family or personal secrets, protection of their honor and good name is enshrined, which in turn does not allow the dissemination of a person’s personal data in the media of their image without consent [4].

Employees of the internal affairs bodies are primarily citizens of the Russian Federation, and their rights are protected based on Article 152.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which guarantees the protection of a citizen's image. In accordance with this article, the publication of an image of a citizen may also be carried out only with their consent, except in cases provided for in this article [2]. Such cases, for example, include implementing photo and video fixation in public places in the interests of public and state organizations. If the purpose of the photo-video fixation is the image of a particular citizen, then their permission to publish this material in the media is mandatory. In case of violations of the right to protect the image of a citizen, they can go to court.

Permission to conduct photo and video recordings of law enforcement officers is enshrined in Article 8 of Federal Law No. 3 of February 7, 2011, "On the Police," which states that police activities are open to the public to the extent that it does not contradict the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on criminal proceedings, on proceedings in cases on administrative offenses, on operational investigative activities, on the protection of state and other legally protected secrets, and also does not violate the rights of citizens [8]. Therefore, the interaction of police officers, the media, as well as citizens capturing the footage cannot be avoided.

However, in law enforcement agencies, there are restrictions on the disclosure of information, which is provided for by normative legal documents on the protection of information about bodies engaged in operational investigative activities, the protection of state secrets, or legally protected secrets [9].

It should be noted that Internet blogs are currently actively developing, where, to achieve a high number of views, creators use provocative methods against police officers. Such methods include intentional violations of traffic rules or hooligan behavior in public places in the presence of law enforcement officers. This attracts the attention of the police and contributes to the emergence of further dialogue, in which bloggers stimulate the emergence of conflict situations. Such dialogues often include provocative questions of a political nature or specific questions about the content of regulatory documents. Unfortunately, not all police officers are psychologically prepared for such situations, which leads to online videos ridiculing the actions of police officers, highlighting the activities of law enforcement agencies in an unworthy light, as well as discrediting the honor and dignity of the police. The distribution of such videos negatively affects the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation’s image, which significantly complicates the interaction of police officers with citizens and various organizations, undermines trust in police officers, and hinders quality work. That is why, in addition to the legislative framework governing the rules and procedure for video filming within the framework of official police activities, law enforcement officers should be able to communicate competently and tactfully with media representatives.

Police officers have legally established requirements for communicating with citizens. Analyzing the regulatory and legal documentation allowed us to identify several documents explaining the requirements for police officers' professional communication with various categories of citizens. For example, Articles 5 and 7 of the Federal Law "On Police" state that a police officer must show citizens respect, introduce themself and inform citizens about their legitimate intentions, and ensure the confidentiality of citizens and the information of the person who has contacted them [8].

Article 13 of the Federal Law "On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" No. 342 – FZ also clarifies the requirements for communication between police officers and citizens. A police officer must show respect, politeness, and tact toward citizens; prevent public statements, judgments, and assessments, including in the media; show respect for national customs and traditions in communication; take into account cultural and other characteristics of various ethnic and social groups to avoid conflict situations [10].

Paragraph 7.2 of the Code of Ethics for Official Conduct of Employees of the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation states that police officers should not use obscene language, jargon, or offensive expressions in their speech; paragraphs 8.5 and 8.6 indicate that police officers are prohibited from provoking conflict or taking part in it, as well as from humiliating human dignity [6,13].

L.Yu. Nezhkina, N.S. Fontalova, V.A. Urakaeva, Yu.V. Ivanova, O.A. Dudkina, E.F. Gazizov, and O.I. Ermolaev studied the peculiarities of police officers' professional communication.

L.Yu. Nezhkina and N.S. Fontalova note that one of the important aspects of communication between a police officer and citizens is the ability to establish psychological contact that ensures trustful and conflict-free communication. This is a very important skill, especially if citizens video record police officers' actions [5].

V.A. Urkaeva provides a legal analysis of the actions of police officers who prevent the lawful filming of their official activities and notes that the illegal obstruction of filming by a police officer can be qualified under Article 286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation exactly as well as the removal by a police officer of photographs or video materials from a memory card of a seized camera or video camera. Except in cases provided for by law, for example, if digital files seized by a police officer are counterfeit [7, pp. 63–66].

Yu.V. Ivanova and O.A. Dudkina, considering the specifics of the activities of police officers, note that society places increased demands on the performance of their official duties. For example, patrol cars must be parked in accordance with parking rules. However, citizens who record a violation do not take into account another regulatory legal document that provides police officers with the right to non-compliance with traffic rules—this is Part 3 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 10/23/1993 No. 1090 "On Traffic Rules." Therefore, in any controversial situation, a police officer should explain the legality of their actions in a calm and confident tone [3, pp. 18–22].

E.F. Gazizov and O.I. Ermolaev conclude that the protection of the rights of a citizen with the status of a police officer in a modern legal society should be ensured on an equal basis with the protection of the rights of civil society representatives. Therefore, it is necessary to create a balance of interests between the two parties (citizens and police officers) in law enforcement practice, which will ensure the equality of all before the law [1].

For employees of internal affairs bodies to be ready to interact with the media, it is necessary to develop their professional communication competence and psychological skills at the stage of professional formation, namely during the period of study in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

L.Yu. Nezhkina and N.S. Fontalova note that to hone communication skills within the framework of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, it is necessary to organize psychological and pedagogical conditions, which include conducting communication training, workshops on the psychology of communication, seminars, scientific, practical and representative events [5].

In accordance with the requirements of normative legal documents regulating the activities of the police, the specifics of interaction with citizens, as well as with the media, the Federal State Educational Standards for the specialties 40.05.02 "Law Enforcement" and 40.05.01 "Legal provision of national security" contain a general professional competence (OK-7), according to which a police officer must be capable of logical thinking, argumentatively and clearly building oral and written speech, and conducting polemics and discussions [11,12]. In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard for the specialty 40.05.02 "Law Enforcement" contains professional competence (PK-26), according to which a police officer must be able to carry out their professional activities in cooperation with law enforcement officers, state bodies representatives, local governments, public associations, municipal public order authorities, and citizens, with the media. To form these competencies in future police officers, a new discipline, "Technologies of effective communication of employees of internal Affairs bodies with the public," is being introduced in Russia’s Ministry of Internal Affairs’ educational organizations.

The purpose of studying the discipline "Technologies of effective communication of employees of internal affairs bodies with the public" is to form students' stable knowledge about organizational, substantive, and legal aspects of the activities of internal affairs units in interaction with civil society institutions and the media, skills of interaction with representatives of civil society and the media, understanding the technology of press services in the internal affairs bodies. In addition, the study of this discipline allows future police officers to provide a system of knowledge about the nature of communications and public relations, to acquaint them with the specifics of the information policy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, to develop communication skills, creative thinking, to teach and clearly represent the role of the media and civil society institutions in shaping public opinion about the activities of law enforcement agencies.

To train future graduates, I interact with the media. The chief specialist in the field of information and public relations organized a freelance press center for cadets of the federal state educational institution of higher education "Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia," which is an additional source of practical activity for future employees of internal affairs bodies in the field of communication with the population. The main tasks of the press center include the formation of basic competencies among students, as well as professional skills of interaction with representatives of civil society institutions and the media and the formation of an objective public opinion about the activities of internal affairs bodies, ensuring public confidence in the activities of police officers. The participants of the press center carry out their activities on an equal basis with journalists at the above-mentioned events, but already from the educational organization. It is worth noting that an effective skill for a future police officer is stress tolerance when dealing with a large number of journalists, as it happens at press conferences dedicated to large-scale, high-profile, and socially significant information events.

This press center includes students, the teaching staff of the Institute, as well as the chief specialist of the information and public relations department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Cadets from the press center take photos and videos both on the territory of the educational organization and outside it to create and post regular news releases about the life and events of the URUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the official accounts of the Institute on social networks, as well as information posts and videos.

In their videos, the cadets highlight the educational, official, and professional activities of police officers, which creates a positive image of an employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the audience. The implementation of the filming process is carried out thanks to the necessary equipment, namely a video camera and a microphone, as well as an information occasion, which is covered in the plots of news releases. Students in the freelance press center of the URUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia broadcast in news programs events and events related to the activities of the institute, its guests, achievements of permanent and variable staff, events held, as well as significant events.

As optional classes, training sessions in the format of a press conference are held with students of the press center. The purpose of such classes is to develop skills and skills of interaction with the media. The trainings are conducted by the teaching staff of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Faculty of Journalism and Media Communications of the University of Humanities.

This allows you to solve the following tasks:

- to develop skills of adaptation to situational moments of interviewing, which may arise in real-time,

- to develop the skills of rapid response and decision-making on both sides of the conversation,

- to develop logical thinking and argumentation, clarity in the construction of oral and written speech.

Consequently, by showing initiative and creative activity and participating in socially significant events at the city level, students of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia form their own experiences for further interaction with citizens.

Every year, in the center of Yekaterinburg, the Department of Constitutional Law organizes a field event to survey the civilian population on their knowledge of the content of the Russian Federation's Constitution. For poorly educated citizens, students of the institute talk about their rights and obligations and present the Russian Federation's Constitution to them. Such events allow students to develop the skills of friendly and conflict-free communication with citizens.

As part of their interaction with the media, the Ural Law Institute cadets regularly communicate with journalists from regional state TV channels in Russia. Cadets practice such communication by answering questions posed by media representatives. This practice is organized during large-scale institute events, such as the swearing-in ceremony of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, the graduation of young specialists, an open day, etc.

Thus, it should be noted that police officers' interaction with media representatives in the framework of their official duties cannot be avoided. Therefore, each employee should be aware of citizens' rights, the rules for photo and video shooting, and the procedure for the lawful use of footage containing photo and video information about any citizen. In addition, every police officer should have well-formed knowledge and skills in effective communication with the media. This will allow law enforcement officers to always represent themselves and the Ministry of Internal Affairs adequately in the eyes of the public.

Библиография
1. Газизов Э.Ф. Способы защиты гражданских прав сотрудника органов внутренних дел в случае осуществления его видеосъемки другими лицами / Э.Ф. Газизов, О.И. Ермолаев // Безопасность дорожного движения. № 3, 2021, С. 83-86.
2. Иванова Ю.В. Использование гражданами средств фото и видеофиксации в отношении сотрудников полиции при выполнении ими служебных обязанностей / Ю.В. Иванова, О.А. Дудкина // Современные проблемы обеспечения охраны общественного порядка при проведении массовых мероприятий. Пресечение массовых беспорядков. М. Спутник + , 2015, С. 18-22.
3. Нежкина Л.Ю. Изучение взаимосвязи когнитивного стиля поведения с эффективностью профессиональной деятельности сотрудников органов внутренних дел / Л.Ю. Нежкина, Н.С. Фонталова // Baikal Research Journal. Т 10, №3. 2019, С. 1-9.
4. Уркаева В.А. Законность и обоснованность использования средств фото-и видеофиксации сотрудников органов внутренних дел, находящихся при исполнении служебных обязанностей. // Актуальные проблемы права и государства в XXI веке. Т. 10, № 4, 2018. С. 63-66.
5. Шинкевич В.Е. Основные профессиональные нравственные ориентиры в деятельности российского сотрудника органов внутренних дел // Научный компнент. №2(10). 2021. С. 152-158.
References
1. Gazizov E.F. Sposoby zashchity grazhdanskikh prav sotrudnika organov vnutrennikh del v sluchae osushchestvleniya ego videos''emki drugimi litsami / E.F. Gazizov, O.I. Ermolaev // Bezopasnost' dorozhnogo dvizheniya. № 3, 2021, S. 83-86.
2. Ivanova Yu.V. Ispol'zovanie grazhdanami sredstv foto i videofiksatsii v otnoshenii sotrudnikov politsii pri vypolnenii imi sluzhebnykh obyazannostei / Yu.V. Ivanova, O.A. Dudkina // Sovremennye problemy obespecheniya okhrany obshchestvennogo poryadka pri provedenii massovykh meropriyatii. Presechenie massovykh besporyadkov. M. Sputnik + , 2015, S. 18-22.
3. Nezhkina L.Yu. Izuchenie vzaimosvyazi kognitivnogo stilya povedeniya s effektivnost'yu professional'noi deyatel'nosti sotrudnikov organov vnutrennikh del / L.Yu. Nezhkina, N.S. Fontalova // Baikal Research Journal. T 10, №3. 2019, S. 1-9.
4. Urkaeva V.A. Zakonnost' i obosnovannost' ispol'zovaniya sredstv foto-i videofiksatsii sotrudnikov organov vnutrennikh del, nakhodyashchikhsya pri ispolnenii sluzhebnykh obyazannostei. // Aktual'nye problemy prava i gosudarstva v XXI veke. T. 10, № 4, 2018. S. 63-66.
5. Shinkevich V.E. Osnovnye professional'nye nravstvennye orientiry v deyatel'nosti rossiiskogo sotrudnika organov vnutrennikh del // Nauchnyi kompnent. №2(10). 2021. S. 152-158.

Результаты процедуры рецензирования статьи

В связи с политикой двойного слепого рецензирования личность рецензента не раскрывается.
Со списком рецензентов издательства можно ознакомиться здесь.

Рецензия
на статью «Правовые гарантии сотрудников полиции при осуществлении гражданами фото-видео фиксации их служебной деятельности»
Актуальность темы исследования и ее соответствие специализации журнала «Полицейская деятельность» не вызывает сомнение в связи с современными тенденциями социального развития, которые определяют приоритеты профессиональной подготовки и различные аспекты служебной деятельности.

Предметом исследования являются правила осуществления фото-видео съемки, а также порядок законного использования отснятых материалов, где содержится фото-видео информация о каком-либо гражданине.

В качестве проблемного поля исследования представлен анализ таких категорий как «видеоматериалы», «фото-, видео прогресс», «технические средства», «интернет-блоги», «правовые основания», «нормативно-правовые документы», «средства массовой информации». Выявлены результаты правового анализа действий сотрудников полиции, и их служебных обязанностей.
На основе подробного анализа Федеральных государственных образовательных стандартов по специальностям 40.05.02 «Правоохранительная деятельность» и 40.05.01 «Правовое обеспечение национальной безопасности» выделены профессиональные компетенции, формированию которых способствует введение новой дисциплины «Технологии эффективных коммуникаций сотрудников органов внутренних дел с общественностью», направленной на развитие навыков взаимодействия с представителями гражданского общества и средствами массовой информации, понимание технологии работы пресс-служб в органах внутренних дел.
Достоинством работы являются ключевые, сквозные ведущие идеи изучения данной дисциплины, которые позволят обеспечить будущих полицейских системой знаний о природе коммуникаций и связей с общественностью, познакомить их с особенностями информационной политики Министерства внутренних дел РФ, развить коммуникативные навыки, творческое мышление, научить и четко представлять роль СМИ и институтов гражданского общества в формировании общественного мнения о деятельности правоохранительных органов.

Интерес представляет проектирование и организация внештатного пресс-центра курсантов федерального государственного казенного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Уральский юридический институт МВД России», который является дополнительным источником практической деятельности для будущих сотрудников органов внутренних дел в сфере общения с населением. Представлено подробное описание мероприятий, тренинговых занятий курсантов.

Методология рецензируемой работы построена на основе сравнительно-сопоставительного подхода. В статье применены такие методы исследования как сравнительный, структурный, функциональный, семантический анализ, синтез полученных результатов, аналогия и сравнение, дедукция, проектирование.
В статье достаточно детально реализованы систематизация и обобщение литературных данных, связанных с изучением особенностей профессионального общения сотрудников полиции (Л.Ю. Нежкина, Н.С. Фонталова, В.А. Уракаева, Ю.В. Иванова, О.А. Дудкина, Э.Ф. Газизов, О.И. Ермолаев).

Статья обладает научной новизной, связанной с проектированием и реализацией исследования особенностей профессионального взаимодействия сотрудников полиции:
- выявлены различные аспекты общения сотрудника полиции с гражданами (умение установить психологический контакт, обеспечивающий доверительное и бесконфликтное общение, что является очень важным умением, особенно если действия сотрудников полиции подлежат видео-фиксации со стороны граждан);
- обоснована необходимость развивать у сотрудников органов внутренних дел коммуникативную и профессиональную компетентность, а также психологические навыки еще на этапе профессионального становления, а именно в период обучения в образовательных организациях системы МВД России;
- выявлены и обоснованы психолого-педагогические условия оттачивания коммуникативных умений (проведение коммуникативных тренингов, практикумов по психологии общения, семинаров, научно-практических и представительских мероприятий).
Структура статьи соответствует требованиям к научным публикациям. Представлен подробный качественный и количественных анализ полученных результатов исследования.
Содержание статьи, в котором рассматривается взаимодействие сотрудников полиции с представителями СМИ в рамках выполнения служебных обязанностей, соответствует ее названию.
Стиль изложения материала соответствует требованиям, предъявляемым к научным публикациям. Библиография соответствует содержанию статьи и представлена 13 литературными источниками.
Статья вызывает читательский интерес и может быть рекомендована к публикации.