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Налоги и налогообложение
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Гидирим В.А. Толкование международных налоговых соглашений в зарубежной практике

Аннотация: Статья посвящена теории и практике толкования международных налоговых соглашений на примере Модельной конвенции ОЭСР. Рассматриваются основные принципы толкования, предусмотренные в Венской конвенции о праве международных договоров, а также их применение в судебной практике различных государств. Исследуется также применимость толковательных документов и вспомогательных материалов в качестве приемлемых источников толкования налоговых соглашений. Значительная часть статьи посвящена рассмотрению мнений налоговых органов и положений судебных решений зарубежных стран, в которых представлено то или иное толкование терминов налоговых соглашений, а также ссылки на источники такого толкования, приводимых судами. Исследование начинается с рассмотрения общепринятых принципов толкования, предусмтренных Венской конвенцией о праве международных договоров 1969 г. Данные принципы рассматриваются во взаимосвязи с основным правилом определения значений терминов налоговых соглашений, заключенным в ст.3(2) Модельной конвенции ОЭСР и в двусторонних налоговых соглашениях. В этой связи исследуется применимость Комментария к Модельной конвенции в качестве приемлемого источника толкования. Теоретические выводы далее находят свое отражение в судебных решениях, в которых обосновываются ссылки на источники толкования. Обобщив эти принципы и приемы толкования, автор приводит множество примеров судебных решений различных стран, в которых данные принципы и приемы нашли отражение. Результатом исследования является отсутствие единообразия и противоречивость применения указанных выше принципов в судебной практике различных стран. Следствием этого являются неустранимые конфликты квалификации терминов налоговых соглашений, которые препятствуют единообразному их применению налогоплательщиками, налоговыми органами и судами различных стран.


Ключевые слова:

Толкование, международное налоговое соглашение, Модельная конвенция, ОЭСР, добросовестное толкование, цель договора, Контекст, Комментарий, телеологическое толкование, Венская конвенция

Abstract: The article is devoted to the theory and practice of interpretation of international tax treaties on the example of the OECD Model Convention. The basic principles of interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as their application in the jurisprudence of the various states are viewed. The author also investigates the applicability of the interpretative documents and supporting materials as suitable sources of the interpretation of tax treaties. A significant part of the article is devoted to the tax authorities and the provisions of the judgments of foreign countries, which represented a particular interpretation of the terms of tax treaties, as well as links to this interpretation, driven by the courts. The study begins with a review of the generally accepted principles of interpretation predusmtrennyh Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. These principles are considered in relation to the basic rule determining the values of the terms of tax treaties concluded in Article 3 (2) of the OECD Model Convention and the bilateral tax treaties. In this context the author investigates the applicability of the Commentary to the Model Tax Convention as an acceptable source of interpretation. The theoretical conclusions are further reflected in court decisions, which are justified by reference to the sources of interpretation. Generalizing these principles and techniques of interpretation, the author cites many examples of court decisions in different countries in which these principles and methods have been reflected. The result of the study is the lack of consistency and inconsistency of the application of the above principles in the jurisprudence of different countries. The consequence of this is ineradicable conflicts qualification terms of tax agreements, which prevent the uniform application of the taxpayers, tax authorities and courts of different countries.


Keywords:

teleological interpretation, comments, context, purpose of the treaty, fair comment or interpretation, OECD, Model Convention, international tax treaty, interpretation, Vienna Convention


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148. Аналогичная аргументация содержится также в постановлениях Melford Development v. R [1982] (Canada); CIR v. JFP Energy Inc.[1990] (New Zealand); IRC v. Commerzbank AG [1990] (United Kingdom); FTC v. Lamesa Holdings BV [1997] (Australia); Chong v. FCT [2000] (Australia).
149. Agreed Minutes [The delegations of France and Russia … met in Paris on … 22 January 2001, to resolve the difficulties related to the implementation of the French-Russian tax convention of 26 November 1996, entered into force on 8 February 1999, replacing the convention of 4 October 1985 which bound USSR to France].
150. Письмо Минфина РФ от 19.06.2002 №23-2-12/10-839 (о применении Соглашения между РФ и Францией); Письмо Министерства РФ по налогам и сборам от 6 февраля 2004 года № 23-1-10/9-419@ «О применении Соглашения между РФ и Федеративной республикой Германия об избежании двойного налогообложения в отношении налогов на доходы и имущество от 29.05.1996; Письмо Минфина РФ от 10 ноября 2014 г. N 03-08-13/56523: “Обращаем внимание, что согласованное толкование положений Соглашения доведено до налоговых органов Российской Федерации (письмо Минфина России от 11.12.2003 N 04-06-06/Германия) письмом МНС России от 06.02.2004 N 23-1-10/9-419@; Письмо Минфина РФ от 4 марта 2013 г. N 03-08-05/6423: “(…) Согласованное единообразное толкование положений Соглашения закреплено в Меморандуме о взаимопонимании от 26.09.2001, составленном на английском языке. В свою очередь, содержание указанного Меморандума изложено в Информационном сообщении [письмо МНС России от 06.02.2004 N 23-1-10/9-419@] об отдельных вопросах применения Соглашения, размещенном на официальном сайте Минфина России (minfin.ru) в подразделе "Разъяснение положений международных соглашений" раздела "Международные налоговые отношения"”. Письмо Министерства РФ по налогам и сборам от 12 февраля 2004 г. N 23-1-10/4-497@ «О применении Соглашения между Правительством РФ и Правительством Республики Кипр об избежании двойного налогообложения в отношении налогов на доходы и капитал от 05.12.1998».
151. Ссылка на Меморандум от 10.08.2001 о применении некоторых положений соглашения с Кипром: Девятый Арбитражный Апелляционный Суд, Постановление от 22 июня 2011 г. № 09АП-14151/2011-АК; ссылка на Письмо Минфина РФ от 19.06.2002 №23-2-12/10-839: Федеральный Арбитражный Суд Московского Округа от 20 мая 2003 г. дело N КА-А41/2940-03; ссылка на письмо Министерства РФ по налогам и сборам от 6 февраля 2004 года № 23-1-10/9-419@: например, Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации Определение от 24 марта 2015 г. N 695-О “Об отказе в принятии к рассмотрению жалобы открытого Акционерного Общества "Гурово-Бетон" на нарушение конституционных прав и свобод пунктами 2, 3 и 4 статьи 269 НК РФ; Девятый Арбитражный Апелляционный Суд Постановление от 28 августа 2012 г. N 09АП-26461/2012.
152. Подробнее см. Официальное опубликование нормативных правовых актов. Н.Я. Соколов, К.С. Кармадонов. Изд-во Проспект, 2013.
153. Agreed Minutes. The negotiations for application of the provisions of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus for the avoidance of double taxation in respect of taxes on income and capital of 5.12.1998, held in Moscow 30 and 31 October 2001 (Done in Moscow on 31 October 2001); Agreed Minutes. A delegation of the Republic of Cyprus … and a delegation of the Russian Federation … met in Nicosia on July 10th and 11th 2000, for consultations concerning the application of particular provisions of the Agreement between the two States for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital of 5.12.1998; Detailed Minutes of the consultations concerning the applications of particular provisions of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus for the avoidance of double taxation in respect of taxes on income and capital. Held in Nicosia on 8-10 August 2001.
154. Перечень действующих налоговых соглашений США и «Технических разъяснений» к ним содержится в сети интернет по адресу: [http://www.unclefed.com/ForTaxProfs/Treaties]; [https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/temod006.pdf]
155. Agreed Minutes. A Russian delegation of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Taxes and Levies and a German Delegation of the Federal Ministry of Finance met in Berlin on 25th and 26th September 2001 for discussions of problems related to application of the Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (DTA) dated 29th May 1996
156. Union Of India And Anr v. Azadi Bachao Andolan And Another [2003].
157. IBFD International Tax Glossary, 6th Ed. 2009, P. 93.
158. Обмен Нотами 15 февраля 1994 года между Чрезвычайным и Полномочным Послом Соединенного Великобритании и Северной Ирландии в Российской Федерации и Заместителем Министра Иностранных Дел Российской Федерации [http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_13981/?frame=2] © КонсультантПлюс, 1992-2014.
159. Совместный разъяснительный меморандум к Соглашению об избежании двойного налогообложения между Нидерландами и Бельгией 5 июня 2002 г., вступившего в силу в 2003 г. Этот Совместный меморандум был выпущен как приложение к ратификационным документам (Joint explanatory memorandum of the Belgium–Netherlands DTC of 5 June 2002 is annexed to the Bill of ratification (Parl. Doc, Senate, 2002–2003, no. 2-1293, 2).) меморандум См. подробнее см. IFA Cahiers, 2010. Tax Treaties and tax avoidance: application of anti-avoidance provisions. Marc Bourgeois; Edoardo Traversa - Belgium Report, footnote 92, P. 142.
160. Klaus Vogel, “Double Taxation Conventions”, P. 37, para.70.
161. “Thiel v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation” [http://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/index.htm].
162. Вайпан В.А., Вайпан Г.В., Ивлиева А.Г., Компетенция российского арбитражного суда рассматривать иск к иностранному юридическому лицу, действующему на территории Российской Федерации через аккредитованное представительство иностранной дочерней компании, «Право и экономика», 2011, № 7 [http://justicemaker.ru/view-article.php?id=12&art=2456ъ].
163. Ostime (Inspector Of Taxes) v. Australian Mutual Provident Soicety [1958][http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1408736].
164. "Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (jurisdiction), Judgement of July 22d, 1952: I.C. J. Reports 1952, p. 93.'' [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/16/1997.pdf]
165. Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, [1962]
166. Asif H. Qureshi “The Public International Law of Taxation”, p. 135-153.
167. UN International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission. 1966. Vol. II. pp. 220, 221;
168. Competence of the General Assembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations. Advisory Opinion of March 3d, 1950, ICJ Reports. 1950, р. 8 [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/9/1883.pdf].
169. Brownlie I. Principles of Public International Law. 7th ed. (2008),p. 631.
170. Международные налоговые правила, Р.А. Шепенко, М., Юрлитинформ, 2012, C. 482.
171. J.F. O'Connor, Good Faith in International Law, Darthmouth Publishing Company Limited, England, 1991, p. 124
172. B. Cheng, General Principles of Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, 1953 (Reprinted in 1987), pp. 107, 113, 115-116, 121-136.
173. Debatin, “Auslegungsmaximen zum Internationalen Steuerrecht”, P. 26.
174. А.Н. Талалаев, «Венская конвенция о праве международных договоров. Комментарий», М., «Юридическая литература» 1997, C. 82.
175. “Competence of Assembly regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950”, International Court of Justice, Reports 1950, pp. 8, 196, 199 [www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/9/1883.pdf].
176. Debatin, “Auslegungsmaximen zum Internationalen Steuerrecht”, 1969; K.Vogel: Double Tax Treaties and Their Interpretation, (ref. 105).
177. Ned Shelton, “Interpretation and application of double tax treaties”, Tottel Publishing, 2007. P. 165.
178. Worldwide Corporate Tax Guide, Ernst & Young, 2015, pp. 842.
179. RStBl 1399/ 1401 (regarding German treaty with Switzerland); 1938 RStBl 937 (regarding German treaty with Italy); 1940 RStBl 809, 810 (regarding German treaty with Switzerland). K.Vogel: Double Tax Treaties and Their Interpretation, P. 25 (ref. 104).
180. Статья 26 Венской конвенции о праве международных договоров 1969 г.
181. György Haraszti “Some Fundamental Problems of the Law of Treaties”, Budapest, 1973, P. 18, 29.
182. Лукашук И.И., Современное право международных договоров, М., Волтерс Клувер, 2004, C. 610.
183. Юридический словарь, Том 2, М., под ред. П.И. Кудрявцева, Государственное издательство юридической литературы, 1956.
184. Лукашук И.И.. Международное право. Общая часть. Издание 3-е, переработанное и дополненное. Волтерс Клувер 2005, C. 122 [http://lib.lunn.ru/KP/Sovremenniki/lukashuk_1.pdf].
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