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Pedagogy and education
Правильная ссылка на статью:

The Educational Aspect of Ensuring the Safety of Children from the Liberated Territories / Образовательный аспект обеспечения безопасности детей с освобожденных территорий

Гурьянчик Виталий Николаевич

ORCID: 0000-0001-9963-4510

кандидат исторических наук

доцент, кафедра социальной педагогики и организации работы с молодежью, Ярославский государственный педагогический университет им. К. Д. Ушинского

150000, Россия, Ярославская область, г. Ярославская, ул. Республиканская, 108/1

Gur'yanchik Vitalii Nikolaevich

PhD in History

Associate Professor, Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky

150000, Russia, Yaroslavl region, Yaroslavl, Republican str., 108/1

vit-gurjanchik@yandex.ru
Белкина Вера Валентиновна

ORCID: 0000-0002-9931-8144

доктор педагогических наук

декан факультета социального управления, доцент, кафедра педагогических технологий, Ярославский государственный педагогический университет им. К. Д. Ушинского

150000, Россия, Ярославская область, г. Ярославская, ул. Республиканская, 108/1

Belkina Vera Valentinovna

Doctor of Pedagogy

Dean of the Faculty of Social Management, Associate Professor, Department of Pedagogical Technologies, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky

150000, Russia, Yaroslavl region, Yaroslavl, Republican str., 108/1

verabelkina@mail.ru
Макеева Татьяна Витальевна

ORCID: 0000-0001-6003-5430

кандидат педагогических наук

заведующий кафедрой социальной педагогики и организации работы с молодежью, доцент, Ярославский государственный педагогический университет им. К. Д. Ушинского»

150000, Россия, Ярославская область, г. Ярославль, ул. Республиканская, 108

Makeeva Tatiana Vitalievna

PhD in Pedagogy

Head of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth, Associate Professor, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky

150000, Russia, Yaroslavl region, Yaroslavl, Republikanskaya str., 108

makeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru
Другие публикации этого автора
 

 

DOI:

10.7256/2454-0676.2022.4.39265

EDN:

QCVLXN

Дата направления статьи в редакцию:

27-11-2022


Дата публикации:

30-12-2022


Аннотация: Социальная безопасность выступает одним из гарантов развития современного общества. Термин «социальная безопасность» сравнительно недавно стал широко использоваться в психологическом, педагогическом, социальном контекстах, когда вопросы защиты человека и социума вошли в ряд первостепенных задач науки и практики. Актуальность обеспечения социальной безопасности детства актуализируется в масштабах национальной государственной политики и признается важным инструментом в решении вопросов внешней политики. В статье актуализируется внимание на проблеме социальной безопасности детей с освобожденных территорий Украины (Луганская Народная Республика и Донецкая Народная Республика) в аспекте реализации просветительских проектов для школьников с целью изучения традиций и обычаев России, что позволяет пересмотреть жизненные ценности и отношение к нашей стране. В июле-августе 2022 года Ярославский государственный педагогический университет им. К.Д. Ушинского принял участие в организации и проведении «Университетских смен», инициированных Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации в рамках федерального проекта. Программа смен предусматривала проведение ряда мероприятий просветительского, культурно-исторического, спортивного, досугового и профориентационного характера для 109 детей в возрасте от 12 до 17 лет. Основными выводами в рамках проведенного исследования являются идеи о том, что событийный подход является мощным ценностно-смысловым фактором в аспекте личностного развития и обеспечения безопасности детей с освобожденных территорий. Особый вклад авторов в исследование данной проблемы заключается в акцентировании внимания на вопросах социально-педагогической и психологической работы с детьми, ставшими свидетелями войны, а также обосновании теоретико-методических форм работы с данной категорией обучающихся. Реализация проекта «Университетские смены» позволила по-новому взглянуть на возможности педагогических вузов по использованию имеющегося позитивного опыта организации единого историко-культурного и событийного пространства детей страны.


Ключевые слова:

безопасное детство, вооруженный конфликт, дети Донбасса, социальная безопасность, освобожденные территории, просветительские проекты, событийный подход, университетские смены, школьники, ценностно-смысловые ориентиры

Abstract: Social security is one of the guarantees of development of the contemporary society. The term “social security” has recently become broadly used in psychological, pedagogical and social contexts, when the issues of human and society protection joined the priority tasks of science and practice. The relevance of providing the social security of childhood is actualized at the level of national state policy and is recognized as an important tool in solving the foreign policy issues. The article actualizes the attention on the problem of social security of children from liberated territories of Ukraine (Lugansk People’s Republic and Donetsk People’s Republic) in the aspect of implementing educational projects for schoolchildren with a view of learning the Russian traditions and customs, which makes it possible to review the life values and attitude to our country. In July and August 2022, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinskiy took part organization and implementation of “University Sessions”, initiated by the Ministry of Enlightenment of the Russian Federation within the frameworks of a federal project. The program implied a number of events of educational, cultural-historical, sportive, leisure and career guidance character. The University accepted three sessions with total of 109 children of both genders aged 12 to 17 y.o.


Keywords:

safe childhood, armed conflict, children of Donbass, social security, liberated territories, enlightenment projects, event-oriented approach, University Sessions, schoolchildren, value-semantic guidelines

Introduction

During summer holidays, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation together with the Ministry of Enlightenment initiated a “University Sessions” project, within which about 11 thousand adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old from Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics (further – DPR and LPR) participated in thematic educational programs and got acquainted with the culture and history of Russian regions. Over 40 Russian universities took part in organizing the specialized sessions, among them Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinskiy [9].

On September 23–27, 2022, a referendum took place in DPR, LPR, Kherson and Zaporozhye oblasts on these territories inclusion in Russia. Inclusion of new territories in a country is accompanied by profound social-economic innovations and a value-conceptual reorientation of the educational system towards new standards, introduction of contemporary techniques methods and didactic approaches.

The Russian Federation, Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and the liberated territories are currently restoring the single educational space as an environment for implementing the opportunities for the children of Russia and Donbass. On the territories of the new subjects of the Russian Federation, educational establishments already use new academic, academic-methodological and didactic programs and materials based on the Russian educational standards.

Currently, the Department of State Policy and Management in the sphere of general education of the Russian Ministry of Enlightenment has elaborated methodological recommendations for ensuring the right to receiving general education for the children arriving from Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics; the objective is to support the children arriving from the liberated territories, which is especially important for their psychological and moral state as witnesses of wars and conflicts [5].

Specialized Educational University Sessions are a common educational program for schoolchildren from DPR and LPR and those living on the front-line or liberated territories. Its objective is personality development of children and adolescents in the emotional-value environment, by immersion into real and virtual historic and cultural activities and traditions of Russia.

Organization of the system of children’s rest and health improvement on holidays is one of the important functions of a social state. Specialized sessions for children from liberated territories are not only aimed at creative, spiritual and intellectual development of a child, but also play a role of social protection, which in the aggregate creates prerequisites for their successful socialization under modern realities.

There are numerous problems impeding satisfaction of a child’s needs for rest. Among them [3, p. 99]:

- unequal possibilities of families with children for obtaining high-quality services;

- insufficient transmittance of positive experience of implementing programs and projects, taking into account the national, ethnic, lingual, religious, property, social features of children and adolescents;

- lack of systematic work on organizing rest and leisure of children and adolescents with disabilities or special needs;

- inequality between rural and urban in children and adolescents in obtaining services in the sphere of culture.

Materials and methods

The participants of this federal project were children of equal social status – schoolchildren from the liberated territories, but among them we also distinguish categories of children with disabilities, children from single-parent families under guardianship, from families in difficult life situations. Undoubtedly, working with these categories of students is complicated by the presence of various physical, psychological, and social problems. At the same time, the emotional experiences of children living in frontline and liberated territories act as a kind of indicator of the responsibility of shift organizers for the psychological well-being and safety of students. It is important to emphasize that in the process of recruiting a contingent of students from the liberated territories, the principle of voluntariness was taken as a basis, allowing teenagers and their families to independently determine the mechanism for meeting security needs. As M. V. Pogodaeva notes: "The needs that determine the security of a person and his safe interaction with the outside world are represented by the need for physical security; the need for psychological security; cognitive needs; the need for information; the need for activity; aesthetic needs aimed at aesthetic perception of nature" [6, p. 229].

Considering these circumstances, it is possible to formulate the basic principles underlying the organization of profile shifts for schoolchildren from the liberated territories:

Principle of cultural congruence. This principle, substantiated in pedagogy by A. Diesterweg as early as in the 19th century as a separate and most important postulate of personality development, implies taking into account of the ethno-cultural and historical features of the society in which a child is developing. A personality, as a carrier of sociocultural values, cannot be abstract; it is formed and developed in a certain society, a certain ethno-cultural field and for certain sociocultural needs. N. A. Berdyaev very accurately expressed this axiom: “A person joins the humanity through national individuality, as a national person, not an abstract person, as a Russian, French, German or Englishman. A person cannot leap over a whole step of beingness, otherwise they would have been impoverished and emptied. Culture has never been and will never be abstract-human, it is always specific-human, i.e. national, individual-people’s, and only in such quality ascending to a general human one” [1, pp. 95–96].

Principle of social adequacy. It implies correlation between the content and means of education and the social situation and requirements of the society, on the one hand, and real needs and capabilities of adolescents, on the other [4].

Principle of creating an educational environment. It implies forming an organizational and psychological integrity of the educational environment (intellectual, will and emotional; behavioral, event-oriented, informational-cultural and object-spatial environment). This is, first of all, about the educational environment, which is created through pedagogical means and is capable of producing educational influence on individual and collective subjects being system-forming elements of the said environment [7, p. 15].

Principle of value orientation. It implies conscious appropriation by an individual of socially approved patterns of behavior based on the formed need in doing good for others. The main function of values and value orientations is a regulative function, namely, regulation of a person’s behavior under certain social conditions.

Principle of motivational provision of informational-educational activity. It implies a set of consequential motivational states, during which the external motivational factors are interiorized into internal attitudes and values of an adolescent’s personality.

Principle of reflection. It consists in conscious necessity for a personality to analyze and assess their activity at all stages from goal setting to activity correction. It is essential to consider all kinds of reflections (situational, retrospective and prospective) as they are inseparably connected in the process of a personality formation as a citizen.

The educational space of the session was organized in university premises (technopark of universal pedagogical competences), as well as on historical, cultural, sports and leisure sites of the city. The “University Sessions” program implied inclusion of the adolescents from the liberated territories into the ethno-cultural field of the Russian society at cognitive, emotional-value and conative levels. That predetermined the organization of events along four main directions: educational, cultural-historical, sportive, and leisure.

To explore the degree of satisfaction with the program organization and implementation, after each session the adolescents were asked to answer the questionnaire about their motivational-value expectations and satisfaction with the educational events. The population was 109 people, the sampling population – 102 people, of which 49 were males and 53 females. At confidence probability of 95%, the sampling error is 2.47%. The main method used in the research was polling. The study included adolescents from LPR – 80 people and DPR – 22 people, aged 12 to 17 y.o. The average age of the respondents was 14.74 y.o. The gender and age distribution of the respondents is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Gender and age distribution of students

Age

Males

Females

Total

12

4

4

8

13

9

5

14

14

6

6

12

15

12

21

33

16

17

15

32

17

1

2

3

Total

49

53

102

The Table shows relative sample homogeneity by gender. At the level of statistical significance p=0.05, Mann-Whitney U-criterion is equal to 18, which is larger than critical value; hence, we accept H0 – no statistical significance between the levels of the feature in two gender samples.

The sampling population can be conditionally divided into two groups by age: the first group includes children aged 12 to 14 y.o. – 34 people (33%); the second group includes adolescents aged 15 to 17 y.o. – 68 people (67%).

Results

Any opportunity to visit new places should arouse interest in a person, make them study about their future place of staying. However, only 57% of the respondents had gathered, to a more or less extent, additional information about Yaroslavl, while 34% learned nothing about the city they were going to visit. At that, the largest interest in the future trip was manifested by girls – 53% of the total number of those who answered this question positively.

Undoubtedly, staying in another city was short-term and mainly reflected on the emotional state of the children. This is testified by the assessment of emotional-sensual condition of the children before the trip. For example, 78% of children said they felt emotional elevation and interest when they learnt about the trip to Yaroslavl; 55% of them were females.

The period of staying in another city, the remoteness of one’s homeland, and the age of the respondents play a significant role in cognitive activity of young people, as was shown by the authors. For example, a research of 2017 among foreign education migrants (a sample of 102 people, average age of the respondents – 23.8 y.o.) showed that 84% of them had gathered information about Russia, the city and the educational establishment where they were going to study [2, p. 126].

Satisfaction with an activity or an event is determined by the degree of coincidence between expectations and the result. Before assessing satisfaction with the “University Sessions”, one should define the children’s expectations of the future trip. The answers to the question “What did you expect of the trip to Yaroslavl?” were distributed as follows: 30% – to get acquainted with new interesting people, 24% – to spend good time with their friends, 21% – to get new knowledge about the history of the Yaroslavl land, 17% – to visit historical and cultural places. Thus, over half of the adolescents said their main expectation was to satisfy the emotional-communicative component of needs, which corresponds to the age-related needs of the sample under study. At that, only 4 people of 14 and 16 years old (1% of all respondents) answered that they expected nothing of the trip.

The efficiency of the events organized within the “University Sessions” can be assessed only by the answers of the children involved into the event-oriented space of the program. The question “To what extent was your stay in Yaroslavl within the “University Sessions” equal to your expectations?” was answered with marks “4” and “5” by the majority of respondents (85%), which indicates a high degree of the implementation of expectations. This, in turn, allows making a conclusion of the effective performance of pedagogues who developed and carried out the events of each “University Session”. At that, not a single child spoke about a complete non-coincidence between their expectations and the stay in Yaroslavl. Just 5% of the respondents gave a low mark (2) to the degree of their expectations’ meeting. Among those whose expectations were unsatisfied, the majority were girls of 14-15 y.o.

The events of the “University Sessions” were aimed, first of all, at forming knowledge about the history and culture of Russia. Hence, they were full of various excursions and meetings, sport events at hockey and volleyball grounds with master classes of world-class athletes, and the leisure hours were full of entertainment quizzes, music shows, etc. Most of all, the children liked evening leisure-time events (26%) and sport competitions (25%). Other events in the descending order of attractiveness were: visiting faculties of Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinskiy – 19%, visiting historical places – 16%, attending exhibitions and a theater – 13%. Just less than 1% of the children said they did not like anything.

Such distribution of event preferences among adolescents correlates quite well with the age of the children who came to the session. However, in the first age group (12-14 y.o.), the adolescents of 12-13 y.o. preferred historical and educational events, while the 14 y.o. adolescents – entertainment events. In the authors’ opinion, such different attitude is a result of social-psychological features of different age groups, their cognitive and entertainment models of behavior and communication. In the second age group (15-17 y.o.), the answers reflect common preference of sport and leisure.

In the end of the poll, the children were asked to assess their impression of the “University Session” and their stay in Yaroslavl. Most of the children (75%) gave an excellent mark, 23% – good, and just 2% – satisfactory. At that, there were no negative marks, even among those few children who initially expected nothing from the trip or gave a very low assessment of implementation of their expectations. One may say that such high marks testify to the efficiency of the activities implemented, which promoted both the children’s intellectual development and emotional discharge.

Thus, the “University Sessions” were based on event-oriented approach to education, which implies “value-meaning interaction of adults and children, which is only possible in the sphere of their common beingness (co-being), while the result will be the emerging common value-meaning space directing the personality self-determination and development of the participants” [10, p. 187].

Discussion

Summing up the results of polling of the adolescents from DPR and LPR after the “University Sessions”, we can make a number of theoretical and practical conclusions.

First, the “University Sessions”, as an educational project, were aimed not only at forming cognitions in adolescents about the Russian history and culture, but also at forming positive emotional perception of the world, transferring the accents of the child’s psyche from anxiety about the uncertainty and fear for their and their relatives’ life towards emotional welfare and zest for living. Such event-oriented accentuation was due to the initially accepted idea of providing secure childhood for the adolescents from the liberated territories.

Second, the vast geography of the Russian universities taking part in the “University Sessions” program allows speaking of not only its scale and the number of children participating, but also of forming in the mind of the adolescents from the liberated territories of the life projects and professional plans in terms of educational mobility. Demonstration of the opportunities of the Russian pedagogical universities comprised tens of thousands of potential students within career guidance work. Undoubtedly, the children who visited Yaroslavl became interested in the possibility to study at pedagogical universities, and more than that.

Third, organization of specialized sessions for schoolchildren from the liberated territories was not spontaneous but systemic, based on a number of organizational-pedagogic principles: of cultural congruence, social adequacy and orientation, reflection, educational environment and motivational provision. The pedagogues and counselors who participated in the session implementation, guided by the above principles and relying on positive pedagogical experience, managed to auspicate the formation of adequate and positive historical and cultural knowledge about Russia, positive perception of the world around, and relevant motives of behavior in Donbass children. This is also proved by the high assessment of the degree of satisfaction with the stay in Yaroslavl.

Fourth, when organizing “University Sessions” in the future, it should be taken into account that the educational system of the liberated territories starts transition to the Russian educational standards of all levels. The school curricula will also fully reflect the issues of education by Russian cultural and historical examples. Hence, the activities should not form the relevant knowledge but develop, specify it based on the regional component. In that case, it is possible to involve schoolchildren into project activity, including socially oriented one, and to establish links not at the level of educational institutions but at the level of students through programs consolidating the children’s community.

Fifth, the presence of various age groups among schoolchildren males it necessary to account for their needs depending on the age, among other things. This by no means implies division into groups by age involved into different activities, but, on the contrary, uniting children of various ages through their accomplishing tasks according to their capabilities within a single project field on the basis of role allocation of responsibilities.

Conclusion

In general, it is worth emphasizing that the implementation of the “University Sessions” project gave the opportunity to take a new glance at the capabilities of pedagogical universities in applying the available positive experience of organizing a common historical-cultural and event-oriented environment for the children of our country. The main focus of these capabilities is to implement the child’s right to safe and socially well-to-do childhood, as V. I. Slobodchikov accurately noted: "In order to provide a child with a healthy and spiritually fulfilling life, an adult is needed. Because adults without children are meaningless creatures, and children without adults cannot exist by definition" [8, p. 101].

Acknowledgements and funding. Theresearch has been carried out within the frameworks of a state order of the Ministry of Enlightenment of the Russian Federation on “Mechanisms of assessment and support of the process of providing social and psychological security of adolescents in an educational establishment” (073-00109-22-02).

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9. "The project "University shifts" for children of Donbass" has started. URL: https://minobrnauki.gov.ru/press-center/news/molodezhnaya-politika/53046/
10. Shustova I. Yu. Event approach to the education of schoolchildren / I. Yu. Shustova // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2019. No. 438. pp. 186-193. DOI 10.17223/15617793/438/25.

Результаты процедуры рецензирования статьи

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Предмет исследования – психоэмоциональное состояние школьников в трудной жизненной ситуации, обеспечение их социально-психологической безопасности и их психологическая реабилитация.
Методология исследования в тексте не названы, но из его содержания следует, что авторами применены эмпирические методы описания педагогического опыта, анкетирование, включённое наблюдение. При теоретическом осмыслении рассматриваемых психолого-педагогических явлений применены методы анализа, сравнения, обобщения.
Статья актуальна в контексте происходящих в нашей стране социально-политических событий. В условиях интеграции новых территорий с отечественной системой образования необходимы не только организационно-административные и экономические решения, но и осмысление новых педагогических решений. Образовательные организации Донбасса и Херсонской области нуждаются в методической поддержке, в том числе, и в области организации детского отдыха.
Научная новизна работы заключается как в постановке проблемы о социальной безопасности детей и подростков, так и в полученных эмпирических данных по рассматриваемой проблематике.
Стиль изложения соответствует нормативам журнала «Педагогика и просвещение».
Текст логичный, имеет традиционную структуру, включающую вводную часть, изложение результатов исследования, их обсуждение и выводы.
Содержание текста в достаточной мере раскрывает заявленную тему статьи. Однако рекомендуем внести в работу ряд поправок:
- не целесообразно указывать различия ответов девочек и мальчиков, так как соотношение этих групп респондентов близкое – 49 чел. к 53 чел. («Гендерное распределение ответов характеризуется незначительным преобладанием женщин в процентах окончательных ответов на эти вопросы);
- считаем нужным убрать название города из фразы «формирование знаний об истории и культуре России и Ярославля», так как это происходило в каждом городе, вузы которых участвовали в проекте «Университетские сессии»;
- убрать из текста упоминание отдыха в Ярославле как в другой стране: «период пребывания в другой стране», «новые места, не говоря уже о странах (в августе 2022 года освобожденные территории еще не были субъектами России», «освобожденных территорий (ныне новых субъектов Российской Федерации)»;
- убрать оборот о формировании представлений «...у будущих граждан (на тот момент)» как не актуальный на настоящее время;
- убрать повтор слова «Следовательно» в абзаце «В-четвёртых, при организации...»
- в соответствии со стандартами научного цитирования, лучше указать ссылку на источник № 10 до перечисления причин неравенства доступа детей к отдыху (Среди них [10, с. 99]: ...).
Библиография включает актуальные источники и классические работы, все они находят отражение в тексте. Необходимо поправить ссылку № 4, она указывает на учебник по педагогике, при этом но цитируется источник № 6. Вероятно, источник № 4 следует удалить из списка литературы.
В статье отсутствует апелляция к оппонентам, поскольку научная полемика, очевидно, не входила в задачи авторов. Это не умаляет практической значимости исследования. Вопросы социального самочувствия детей и подростков, находящихся в сложной жизненной ситуации, обеспечение их безопасности и гармоничной социализации не часто находятся в центре внимания исследователей.
Статья представляет интерес для специалистов в области педагогической психологии и социальной педагогики, для организаторов детского отдыха, педагогов, работающих с подростками.